ABSTRACT
Corona virus disease 19 (Covid-19) was declared as global pandemic by WHO in March 2021. India has witnessed two waves of Covid 19 in the month of March 2021 and March 2022. Due to improper use of steroids in the treatment of these patients post covid mucormycosis patients has increased drastically in the second wave. This resulted in overall increase of psychiatric illness in these patients. Introduction: Post operative patients of mucormycosis were left with number of psychiatric disorders like depression, adjustment disorder, anxiety, post traumatic disorder etc. Covid per se as well as mucormycosis infection led to long term emotional and mental trauma to the patient. Aims and objectives: To study the magnitude and prevalence of the psychiatric illnesses. To quantify anxiety and depression amongst these patients. Methodology: Study site: Department Of Psychiatry, Dept of Ophthamology, Dept of otorhinolaryngology SSMC, Rewa (MP) Study Design: Hospital based Cross sectional study Study Duration: 06 months Selection Criteria Inclusion Diagnosed patients according to ICD 10 DCR Operated cases of mucormycosis Diagnosed case of mucormycosis after Covid 19 infection Give written informed consent Exclusion Patient requiring ICU Care Not willing for consent Assessment: General, systemic & mental status examination. Scales: HAMD, HAMA Results: Result will be subjected to statistical analysis and will be presented directly. Conclusion: This study enables us to focus on various psychiatric co-morbidities and to establish temporal co-relationship between emergences of psychiatric symptoms post operatively, their pattern and prevalence.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a SEIQRVS epidemic infectious disease model is proposed and can simulate the process of COVID-19. The effect of the corona virus on infected individuals is shown. It is a well-known concept that the circulation of infectious diseases may be the reason of growing virus in the susceptible population. The increase in the death rate of the virus is one of the strategies to control infectious diseases. The proposed model system shall be explored to explain the growth and death rate of the virus in the susceptible population. It is shown that the model exhibits two equilibria, namely, the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. The global dynamics are completely determined by the basic reproduction number. If the basic reproduction number is less than 1, the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable which leads to the eradication of the disease from the population. If the basic reproduction number is greater than one, an endemic equilibrium exists and is globally stable in the feasible region under certain conditions. Finally, taking biologically relevant parametric values, numerical simulations are performed to illustrate and verify the analytical results. Normalized forward sensitivity indices are calculated for effective reproduction number, and state variables at endemic equilibrium on various parameters and respective sensitive parameters are identified.
ABSTRACT
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins' functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.